Summary of ISO 28560 RFID in libraries |
Authors : |
Identifier: http://biblstandard.dk/rfid/docs/summary.htm
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Status : For information |
Published by ISO/TC46/SC4/WG11 RFID in Libraries Information and documentation, Technical
interoperability Contact : rfid@bs.dk
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Last update: 14 April 2022 First version: 24 March 2010 |
Why the need for an
International Standard?
Books and other assets are not only used by the library that owns them.
For example, interlibrary loans are a common way for national and regional
library systems to meet user needs while minimizing duplication of relatively
low-demand materials.
At the international level, it is also important to ensure that software
and hardware vendors of library RFID systems can deliver standardized products.
A variety of incompatible national specifications would drive up the cost of
these products.
A common solution is also important to avoid libraries becoming
dependent upon specific vendors. RFID tags must be available from a variety of
sources. Books and CDs from different library vendors should be supplied with
RFID tags already inserted.
The ISO Standard series 28560
RFID in libraries
ISO 28560, RFID in libraries
consist of:
ISO 28560 has been developed by the working group WG11 RFID in Libraries
under SC4. SC4 is the sub committee for Technical Interoperability under TC46
Technical Committee Information and Documentation – under ISO - International
Organization for Standardization.
ISO 28560-1 Information and
documentation -- RFID in libraries – Part 1: Data elements and general
guidelines for implementation
The data model specified in Part 1 comprises 25 data elements. The only
obligatory element is the primary item identifier, mandatory for items on the
shelf. Experience shows that data and description of data elements are more
durable than hardware, software and encoding.
1 |
Primary item identifier |
2 |
Content parameter |
3 |
Owner institution (ISIL) |
4 |
Set information |
5 |
Type of usage |
6 |
Shelf location |
7 |
ONIX media format |
8 |
MARC media format |
9 |
Supplier identifier |
10 |
Order number |
11 |
ILL borrowing institution (ISIL) |
12 |
ILL borrowing transaction number |
13 |
GS1 product identifier |
14 |
Reserved for Alternative unique item identifier |
15 |
Local data A |
16 |
Local data B |
17 |
Title |
18 |
Product identifier local |
19 |
Media format (other) |
20 |
Supply chain stage |
21 |
Supplier invoice number |
22 |
Alternative item identifier |
23 |
Alternative owner institution |
24 |
Subsidiary of an owner institution |
25 |
Alternative ILL borrowing institution |
26 |
Local data C |
27 |
Reserved for future use |
28 |
Reserved for future use |
29 |
Reserved for future use |
30 |
Reserved for future use |
31 |
Reserved for future use |
Application family identifier
The application family identifier (AFI) is used as a mechanism to select
tags across the air interface, minimizing the extent of communication
transaction time with tags that do not carry the relevant AFI code.
AFI value C2HEX has been assigned explicitly for library use.
A library may use the AFI in one of two ways.
ISO 28560-2 Information and
documentation -- RFID in libraries – Part 2: Encoding based on ISO/IEC 15962
Part 2 deals with encoding rules based on ISO/IEC 15962, Information technology – Radio frequency
identification (RFID) for item management – Data protocol: data encoding
rules and logical memory functions, which uses an object identifier structure
to identify data elements.
Part 2 use the 13.56 MHz (megahertz) frequency.
According to the encoding rules different optional data elements may be
selected, including for RFID tags of items in the same library. The encoding
rules also enable optional data to be organized on the RFID tag in any
sequence. And they provide for flexible encoding of variable length and variable
format data. The 15962 encoding process compacts each data element
automatically in the most efficient manner, and supports selective locking of
data.
For 28560-2, the data element “Content parameter” contains an index of
the data elements encoded on the tag, acting as a miniature directory of the
encoding. This can be used to improve
the access to specific data
Part 2 enables national or other groups of libraries to establish a data
model that can include optional data elements.
The data model can be used to develop standard interfaces, but still
support flexible encoding on the tag.
ISO 28560-3 Information and
documentation -- RFID in libraries – Part 3: Fixed length encoding
Part 3 specifies how a subset of data elements is encoded in a basic
block, and how the other data elements are encoded into extension blocks on the
RFID tag.
Part 3 use the 13.56 MHz (megahertz) frequency.
For 28560-3 data element “Content parameter” contains a version number
of the standard.
Part 3 do not specify a strategy for locking.
Part 3 enables national or other groups of libraries to establish a data
model that can include optional data elements.
The data model can be used to develop standard interfaces, but still
support flexible encoding on the tag.
ISO/TS 28560-4 Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part
4: Encoding of data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962 in an RFID tag
with partitioned memory
Part 4 defines encoding rules for those libraries that choose to use UHF
RFID technology operating at 860 MHz to 960 MHz, with the interrogators
(readers) set to conform to local radio regulations that specify only part of
this spectrum. The UHF tags can function efficiently in any of the radio
regulated regions. Part 4 uses encoding rules that are specified in ISO/IEC
15962, as does ISO 28560-2. Some of the encoding rules are different because of
the nature of the different RFID technology, but a number of rules are similar
if not identical.
General for all parts
The standard does not specify communication between RFID readers and an
integrated library system (ILS). This is currently managed by the US National
Information Standards Organization (NISO) Circulation Interchange Protocol
Z39.83 (NCIP) and the standard interface protocol (version 2) SIP2. Some RFID
systems have developed own integration software for interaction with ILS and
Book Industry Communication (UK) have proposed a new library interoperability
framework – known as BLCF.
National and regional profiling may restrict use of some data elements
and make others mandatory. Managing privacy is also part of profiling.
Service improvements
A particular benefit of using RFID for library circulation is the
ability to handle composite materials. Examples might be a multivolume book, a
box set with three CDs, or an audio book with 15 tapes. In these cases a data
element on the tag keeps track on the number of the current item and the total
the number of items in the entire set. By using this information, the check-out
and check-in functions can give a warning when items are missing. This function
solves a major problem of barcode-based self-service systems.
RFID in libraries can provide functionality beyond circulation. Some
libraries use RFID for stock control by scanning shelves and comparing the
results with the library’s database to find “lost” or miss-shelved items, as
well as take inventory.
RFID may also support the acquisition process. Data on the incoming book
tag might identify itself to the library acquisition module, and provide a link
to the supplier and order number. ISO 28560 includes data elements for this
information.
Another potential use for RFID enables users to “show” a book to a
screen in the library to retrieve reviews and user comments.